52 Patterns of Proposition

52 Patterns of Proposition
Mr. Anh
1. S + Intensive V (BE) + C
Ex: The book is new.
1. IS NEW, THE BOOK
2. S + Other intensive V + C
Ex: The screw worked loose.
1. WORKED LOOSED, THE SCREW








3. S + Vintrans
Ex: The dog ran.
1. RAN, THE DOG
4. S+ verbsmonotrans + O
Ex: The dog ate food.
1. ATE, THE DOG, FOOD








5. S + vditrans + Oi + Od
Ex: The dog gave milk to the puppies.
1. GAVE, THE DOG, THE MILK
2. TO THE PUPPIES
6. S + vmonotrans + PP + Od
Ex: They talked about the story.
1. TALKED, THEY, ABOUT THE STORY








7. S + vditrans + Oi + PP + Od
Ex: The story reminds me of London.
1. REMINDS, THE STORY, ME
2. OF LONDON
8. S + vcomplex Trans + O + C
Ex: The boy calls me Alice.
1. CALLS, THE BOY, ME,WHAT
2. WHAT= ALICE
Notes: The complement can be nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, bare infinitives, full infinitives, present participles, past participles (nine forms).








9. S + vtrans + To V (phrase)
Notes: It is the nonfinite in the sentence.
Ex: The dog wanted to eat food.
1. WANTED, THE DOG
2. TO EAT, (THE DOG), FOOD
10. S + vtrans + O + To V (plus Object)
The object is the subject in the non-finite clause.
Ex: The mother wanted the boy to eat food.
1. WANTED, THE MOTHER, THE BOY
2. TO EAT, (THE BOY), FOOD








11. S + vtrans + (To) V
Ex: I helped raise my brothers and sisters.
1. HELPED, I
2. (TO) RAISE, (I), MY BROTHERS
3. (TO) RAISE, (I), MY SISTERS
12. S + vtrans + O + (To) V
The object is the subject in the non-finite clause.
Ex: I helped my parents raise my brothers and sisters.
1. HELPED, I, MY PARENTS
2. (TO) RAISE, (MY PARENTS), MY BROTHERS
3. (TO) RAISE, (MY PARENTS), MY SISTERS








13. Present participles
Ex: He is jogging.
1. IS JOGGING, HE
14. Gerunds
Notes: Gerunds may play the roles of subjects, objects, complements, Prepositional gerund
Subject, Gerund + object as subject ( acting like a verb), Gerund + object as object (acting like a verb), Gerund + object inside prepositional phrase.
Ex: Cooking takes time.
1. TAKES, COOKING, TIME








15. Phrasal Verbs
They are also called two-word verbs.
Phrasal
Ex: I grew up in Long Beach.
1. GREW UP, I (PHRASAL)
2. IN LONG BEACH
Non-phrasal
Ex: I went to the park.
1. WENT, I, WHERE
2. WHERE = TO THE PARK








16. Tenses, Modals and Aspectual Markers
The verbs or the verb phrases are considered one ideas.
Ex: The cat could jump.
1. COULD JUMP, THE CAT
Ex: He wouldn’t be caught dead in the field now.
1. WOULD BE CAUGHT, HE, DEAD
2. NEG N’T
3. IN THE FIELD
4. NOW
Ex: I had to go
1. HAD TO GO, I








17. Mental Process Verbs and Verbs of Communication
They are: think, feel, believe, discover, hope, remember, like, guess and verbs of communication such as say, state, scream, etc.
Ex: I think that the pig is thirsty.
1. THINK, I, (THAT)
2. IS THIRSTY, THE PIG








The verbs think or suppose can also be inserted within a sentence.
Ex: He was in HCMC for I think 4 years.
1. WAS, HE
2. IN HCMC
3. FOR YEARS
4. 4, YEARS
5. I THINK








18. Direct Quotes using Verbs of Communication.
The introductory verbs of communication are say, tell, shout, whisper, etc. They denote the manner of speaking, and may introduce reported or “quoted”.
Ex: I order, “go”.
1. ORDER, I
2. GO, (YOU)








19. Verb Internal Predicatives
Verbs may contain embedded internal clauses with an additional predicative idea.
Ex: He lived in what they call a hut.
1. LIVED, HE, WHERE
2. WHERE = IN A HUT
3. CALL, THEY, WHAT
20. Adjectives
Ex: The stripe cat was purring.
1. WAS PURRING, THE CAT
2. CAT, STRIPE








21. Adverbs)
Adverbs modify verbs, prepositional phrases and entire sentences.
Verb Modification
Ex: The cat jumped high.
1. JUMPED, THE CAT
2. JUMPED, HIGH
PP Modification
Ex: The duck lives out in the country.
1. LIVES, THE DUCK, WHERE
2. WHERE = IN THE COUNTRY
3. OUT, IN








22. Utterance Modification
Ex: Ironically, she won the bet.
1. IRONICALLY
2. WON, SHE, THE BET
23. Determiners
Determiners are the, a, some, this, that.
Ex: He saw a lizard.
1. SAW, HE, A LIZARD








24. Possessives
Possessive pronouns are my, your,her, their, etc.
Ex: They went to the soldier’s house.
1. WENT, THEY, WHERE
2. WHERE = TO HOUSE
3. HOUSE, SOLDIER’S
Ex: They went to his house.
1. WENT, THEY, WHERE
2. WHERE = TO HOUSE
3. HIS , HOUSE








In some cases the same idea of possession has two possible structures, and while the idea count is unaffected by the structure, the word count is affected:
Ex: Jack’s house is big. (4 words)
1. IS, THE HOUSE, BIG
2. JACK’S, HOUSE
Ex: The house of Jack is big. (6 words)
1. IS BIG, THE HOUSE
2. OF JACK, HOUSE








25. Approximators
They are about, nearly, approximately, like, etc.
Ex: Jane worked there for like 10 years.
1. WORKED, JANE, WHERE
2. WHERE=THERE
3. FOR YEARS
4. YEARS, 10
5. 10, LIKE (APPROX)








Ex: They were in Seattle for I think 6 months.
1. WERE, THEY
2. IN SEATTLE
3. FOR MONTHS
4. MONTHS, 6
5. I THINK (APPROX)
Less than and more than are functioning as approximators, and are thus counted as ideas.
Ex: His group had less than 10 members.
1. HAD, HIS GROUP, MEMBERS
2. MEMBERS, 10
3. 10, LESS THAN (APPROX)








Ex: They were in Seattle for about 5 or 6 months.
1. WERE, THEY, WHERE
2. WHERE = IN SEATTLE
3. FOR MONTHS
4. 5 OR 6, MONTHS
5. ABOUT 5 OR 6 (APPROX)








26. Numbers and Quantifiers
Quantifiers are one, some, all of, twelve, another, first, third, etc.
Ex: I have 2 brothers.
1. HAVE, I, BROTHERS
2. BROTHERS, 2
Ex: The ox eats some corns.
1. EATS, THE OX, CORNS
2. CORNS, SOME








Ex: The ox eats the corns.
1. EATS, THE OX, THE CORNS
Ex: He went to both North and South Vietnam.
1. WENT, HE, WHERE
2. WHERE = TO NORTH VIETNAM
3. WHERE = TO SOUTH VIETNAM
4. BOTH 2,3
Ex: He went to both places.
1. WENT, HE, WHERE
2. WHERE = TO PLACES
3. PLACES, BOTH








Ex: She can remember one day 10 below zero.
1. CAN REMEMBER, SHE, ONE DAY
2. (WAS), ONE DAY, 10 BELOW ZERO
Ex: I was in 4th grade.
1. WAS, I, WHERE
2. WHERE = IN GRADE
3. GRADE, 4TH








27. Time/Height/Age Constructions
Ex: She is 60 kilos heavy.
1. IS, SHE, KILOS HEAVY
2. KILOS HEAVY, 60
Ex: He is short.
1.IS SHORT, HE
Ex: Robert is 15 years old.
1. IS, ROBERT, YEARS OLD.
2. 15, YEARS OLD








Ex: Robert is 15.
1. IS, ROBERT, 15 (Y.O.)
Ex: It was 60 years ago.
1. WAS, IT, YEARS AGO
2. YEARS AGO, 60








28. Time and Space Constructions
Ex: He smiled the whole way to school.
1. SMILED, HE
2. TO SCHOOL
3. SMILED, THE WHOLE WAY
Ex: We had to be out of the city by 6 or 7 in the morning.
1. HAD TO BE, WE
2. OF THE CITY
3. OF, OUT
4. BY 6/7
5. 6 OR 7
6. IN THE MORNING








29. Time and Location Nominals
They are Tuesday, there, here, once a year, etc.
Ex: Sunday she will go fishing there.
1. WILL GO FISHING, SHE WHEN WHERE
2. WHEN=(ON) SUNDAY
3. WHERE= THERE
Ex: Where are you going?
1. ARE GOING, YOU, WHERE
2. WHERE = (TO) WHERE








Ex: Grandma tells them a story every night.
1. TELLS, GRANDMA, A STORY
2. (TO) THEM
3. WHEN=NIGHT
4. NIGHT, EVERY
Ex: He was there.
1. WAS, HE
2. THERE
Ex: It was 2008.
1. WAS, IT, 2008








30. Intensifiers
They are really, very, extremely, so, etc.
Ex: He was so excited.
1. WAS EXCITED, HE
2. EXCITED, SO
Ex: Really, the dog liked bone.
1. LIKED, THE DOG, BONE
2. (LIKED, THE DOG, BONE) REALLY
Ex: Really excellent students come here.
1. COME, STUDENTS, WHERE
2. WHERE = HERE
3. STUDENTS, EXCELLENT
4. EXCELLENT, REALLY








Ex: I mean, this land was abundant.
1. I MEAN
2. WAS, THIS LAND, ABUNDANT
3. LAND, THIS
Lexical Filler
Ex: And it was nice, I mean, to go to the party.
1. I MEAN
2. WAS NICE, IT
3. TO GO, (HE), TO THE PARTY








Ex: He was gone a long long time.
1. WAS GONE, HE
2. (FOR) A TIME
3. TIME, LONG
4. LONG, LONG
Ex: She is very very nice.
1. IS NICE, SHE
2. NICE, VERY
3. VERY, VERY








31. Reflexive Pronouns
Myself, yourself, himself, etc.
They are used as intensifiers.
Ex: The castle itself was beautiful.
1. WAS BEAUTIFUL, THE CASTLE
2. CASTLE, ITSELF








Reflexive pronoun as object
Ex: He bought it for himself.
1. BOUGHT, HE, IT
2. FOR HIMSELF








32. “Of” Phrases
They are “kind of”, “some of”, “one of”.
Ex: Some of the workers were happy.
1. WERE, THE WORKERS, HAPPY
2. WORKERS, SOME OF
Ex: Some workers were happy.
1. WERE HAPPY, WORKERS
2. WORKERS, SOME








Ex: Some of us had been to Ha Long before.
1. HAD BEEN, US
2. US, SOME OF
3. TO HA LONG
4. WHEN = BEFORE
Ex: The dog was kind of short.
1. WAS, THE DOG, SHORT
2. SHORT, KIND OF








33. Prepositional Phrases
Formation: in/on/at/from/under/below, etc. + Noun (Vineeta Chand et al [26]).
Ex: He lived in Son La.
1. LIVED, HE
2. IN SON LA
Ex: It was in 1975.
1. WAS, IT, IN 1975
Ex: It was on time.
1. WAS, IT, ON TIME








Ex: The cat jumped over the grey fence.
1. JUMPED, THE CAT
2. OVER THE FENCE
3. FENCE, GREY
Ex: The duck lives out in the country.
1. LIVES, THE DUCK, WHERE
2. WHERE = IN THE COUNTRY
3. OUT, IN








Ex: He went back into London.
1. WENT BACK, HE (PHRASAL)
2. INTO LONDON
Adverbs in form of prepositions
Ex: The duck lives out.
1. LIVES, THE DUCK, WHERE
2. WHERE = OUT








34. Negatives and Exclamations
They are “yes” and “no” (Vineeta Chand et al [26]).
Ex: The dog didn’t eat grass.
1. DID EAT, THE DOG, GRASS
2. NEG N’T
Ex: The dog no longer drinks milk.
1. DRINKS, THE DOG, MILK
2. NEG NO LONGER
Ex: Yes, it did drop.
1. AFF YES
2. DID DROP, IT








35. Conjunctions
Conjunctions are used in compound and complex sentences.
Ex: The cat may get lost or hit by a motorbike.
1. MAY GET LOST, THE CAT
2. OR, 1,3
3. (MAY GET) HIT, (THE CAT)
4. BY A MOTORBIKE
Ex: He felt sick because he ate rotten fish.
1. FELT, HE, SICK
2. BECAUSE, 1, 3
3. ATE, HE, FISH
4. FISH, ROTTEN








Ex: He likes ice-cream, whereas she likes jam.
1. LIKES, HE, ICE-CREAM
2. WHEREAS 1, 3
3. LIKES, SHE, JAM
Ex: She moved to the country but he stayed in the city.
1. MOVED, SHE
2. TO THE COUNTRY
3. BUT 1, 4
4. STAYED, HE
5. IN THE CITY








36. Utterance Initial Conjunctions
They are and, so, then, etc. (Vineeta Chand et al [26])
Preceding Context: (And she visited us. And she stayed with us. And we had a party.) And we were happy.
1. WERE HAPPY, WE








37. Summarizing Conjunctions
They are so, therefore, then.
[Context: The speaker was at the party for a long time.]
Ex: So, I don’t eat anymore.
1. SO
2. DO EAT, I, WHEN
3. NEG NOT
4. WHEN = ANYMORE








38. The Conjunction and
Temporal Relationship
Ex: They planted flowers and watered them.
1. PLANTED, THEY, FLOWERS
2. AND (THEN), 1, 3
3. WATERED, (THEY), THEM
Ex: She fried the pancake and served it.
1. FRIED, SHE, THE PANCAKE
2. AND (THEN), 1, 3
3. SERVED, SHE, IT








No Temporal Relationship
Ex: He did come and visit them.
1. DID COME, HE
2. DID VISIT, HE, THEM.
Dependency
Ex: The child fell and is crying.
1. FELL, THE CHILD
2. IS CRYING, THE CHILD
3. 1 AND (THUS) 2








No Dependency
Ex: The student stood up and was from LA.
1. STOOD UP, THE STUDENT
2. WAS, THE STUDENT, FROM LA








39. Compound Phrases
Conjunctions: and, or, but, so
Ex: Jane and Daisy ate curry.
1. ATE, JANE, CURRY
2. ATE, DAISY, CURRY
Ex: Lisa ate macaroni and / but Natasa ate salad.
1. ATE, LISA, MACARONI
2. ATE, NATASA, SALAD
Ex: So he went home.
1. SO
2. WENT, HE, HOME








40. Discontinuous or Correlative Conjunctions
They are either…or, if…then, first…then, more…than
Ex: Either the man works or he doesn’t.
1. WORKS, THE MAN
2. EITHER 1 OR 3
3. DOES (WORK), HE
4. NEG N’T
Ex: He likes more milk than sugar.
1. LIKES, HE, MILK
2. MORE 1 THAN 3
3. SUGAR








41. Relative Pronouns (Adjective clauses)
They are that, which, who, why, where, etc.
Ex: The man that likes ice-cream is Thomas.
1. IS, THE MAN, THOMAS
2. THAT, 1, 3
3. LIKES, (THE MAN), ICE-CREAM
Ex: The house (that) they lived in was modern.
1. WAS, THE HOUSE, MODERN
2. (THAT) 1, 3
3. LIVED IN, THEY, THE HOUSE








42. Noun clauses
Subjects
Ex: What he says is wrong.
1. IS WRONG, 2
2. SAYS, HE, WHAT
Objects
Ex: He found what he needs.
1. FOUND, HE, 2
2. NEEDS, HE, WHAT
Complements
The mason seems whom he wants.
1. SEEMS, THE MASON, 2
2. WANTS, HE, WHOM








43. Place and time markers
WHERE, WHEN
Ex: Tomorrow they will go swimming there.
1. WILL GO SWIMMING, THEY, WHEN, WHERE
2. WHEN= TOMORROW
3. WHERE= THERE








44. Lexical Fillers
Lexical fillers such as oh, well, let’s see, you know, of course are not counted as ideas. They “do not alter the propositional content of the material.
Ex: Oh, she is beautiful.
1. IS BEAUTIFUL, SHE








45. Nonlexical Fillers
Nonlexical fillers such as um, ah, eh are considered a type of disfluency. Nonlexical fillers are not included in the word count, nor are they counted as ideas.
Ex: She is, um, beautiful.
1. IS BEAUTIFUL, SHE








46. Greeting
Greeting words are considered verbs. (Vineeta Chand et al [26])
Ex: Hi, Jack.
1. HI, JACK
47. Repetitions
A repetition of an idea within the same utterance is not counted as an idea.
Ex: He met her. He met her.
1. MET, HE, HER








48. Repetition of Location.
Ex: He worked in Ha Noi. He worked there.
1. WORKED, HE, WHERE
2. WHERE = IN HA NOI
He worked there.
1. WORKED, HE REP
2. THERE REP
Both places are counted as ideas.








49. Revisions and Elaborations
The speakers may revise or insert more ideas into the previously mentioned words (phrases).
Ex: She is a student, a hard-working student.
1. IS, SHE, A STUDENT
2. A STUDENT, HARD-WORKING








50. Proper Nouns and Titles
A city and state/province are considered one location.
He went to Da Lat, Lam Dong.
1. WENT, HE, WHERE
2. WHERE = TO DA LAT, LAM DONG
However, personal names are considered adjectives.
Ex: Lan, are you thirsty?
1. ARE THIRSTY, YOU
2. YOU, LAN








51. Idioms, Metaphors:
Phrases in idioms are considered stable and frozen structures, so they should not be broken up.
Ex: He kicked the bucket.
1. KICKED THE BUCKET, HE
Like idioms, metaphors should not be broken up.
Ex: I looked past that fight.
1. LOOKED PAST, I, THAT FIGHT








52. Circumlocution
Circumlocutions (indirect paraphrasing) are considered frozen structures. (Vineeta Chand et al [26])
Straightforward
Ex: He ate a hen.
1. ATE, HE, A HEN
Circumlocution
Ex: He ate a cock’s wife.
1. ATE, HE, A COCK’S WIFE CIRCUM








Tính lô gíc của bộ sách tiếng Việt tiểu học qua phân tích mệnh đề
Khi phân tích ý nghĩa của câu, người ta thường nói chung chung và không nêu rõ câu có bao nhiêu ý cụ thể. Vận dụng phân tích diễn ngôn vào phân tích ý nghĩa của các câu, chúng ta sẽ hiểu một cách chi tiết hàm lượng ý nghĩa trong các câu. Chúng tôi tiến hành việc phân tích mệnh đề từ các câu trong sách giáo khoa tiếng Việt.








Phân tích mật độ mệnh đề trong câu tiếng Việt lớp 1
Chúng tôi chọn một câu trong bài học ở bài 1 của tiếng Việt lớp 1
Câu trích:
Chuồn chuồn bay thấp
Mưa ngập bờ ao (tục ngữ)
Phân tích mệnh đề:
a. (BAY, CHUỒN CHUỒN, THẤP)
b. (NGẬP, MƯA, BỜ AO)
Hai câu trên đều có một mệnh đề. Đối với học sinh lớp 1, càng ít mệnh đề, câu càng đơn giản và dễ hiểu. Điều này phù hợp với trình độ tiếp thu của học sinh.








Phân tích mật độ mệnh đề trong câu tiếng Việt lớp 2
Câu trích
Ngày hôm qua đâu rồi?
Em cầm tờ lịch cũ (Bế Kiến Quốc)
Phân tích mệnh đề:
a. (ĐÂU RỒI, NGÀY HÔM QUA)
b. (HÔM QUA, NGÀY)
c. (CẦM, EM, TỜ LỊCH CŨ)
d. (CŨ, TỜ LỊCH)
Trong các câu trên, mỗi câu đều có hai mệnh đề. Hàm lượng ý nghĩa cao hơn so với các câu ở lớp 1.








Phân tích mật độ mệnh đề trong câu tiếng Việt lớp 3
Câu trích:
Hai bàn tay em
Như hoa đầu cành (Huy cận)
Phân tích mệnh đề:
a. (BÀN TAY, HAI, EM) = A
b. (HAI, BÀN TAY)
c. (EM, BÀN TAY)
d. (HOA, ĐẦU CÀNH) = B
e. (NHƯ, A, B)
Ở lớp 3, câu có nhiều mệnh đề hơn. Hàm lượng ý nghĩa câu tăng lên để phù hợp với trình độ học sinh lớp 3 cao hơn.












Good luck!