DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Equal comparison:
With adjectives or adverbs:
a. + S1 + BE/ V + as + {adj/ adv} + as + S2
My book is as interesting as yours.
Nguyen sings as beautifully as his father.
Nếu là câu phủ định, as thứ nhất có thể thay bằng so.
b. - S1 + BE/V(not) + as/so + {adj/ adv} + as + S2
He is not as tall as his father./ He is not so tall as his father.
Bao does not dance as gracefully as Thanh
2. With nouns:
S1 + verb + the SAME + ( Noun ) + as S2.
Adj N
- heavy, light weight
- wide, narrow width
- deep, shallow depth
- long, short length
- big, small size
- old age
3. Number multiple comparison (So sánh bội số)
(half, twice,3 times, many times)
With adjectives:
S + V+ half, twice, three times, many times +AS adj + S2
Mr Tom is twice as fat as his son.
This black car is half as expensive as that red one
b. With nouns:
S + V + half, twice, three times, many times + AS + much + UN
many + CN
Jane has half as much luggage as I do.
Trung eats twice as many oysters as I do.
My friend earns twice as much as I do.
Danh từ cũng được dùng để diễn đạt phép so sánh ngang bằng hoặc hơn/kém.
He earns as much money as his brother.
They have as few classes as we.
Before payday, I have as little money as my brother.
II. Comparatives
With short adjectives/adverbs
Form: S1 + be/ V + Adj/adv + ER + THAN + S2
She is younger than I am/ She runs faster than I do
*Notes:
a. Some adjectives has the same form as adverbs: fast, hard, early, late
b. Short adjectives:
a. One syllable: cheap - cheaper, fast - faster, young - , slow…
b. 2 syllables end in ER - + ER: clever - cleverer
OW - + ER: narrow – narrower
Y - Y I + ER: easy – easier
LE - + R: simple – simpler
T - + ER: quiet - quieter
c. Adjectives end in E - + R: large - larger, cute – cuter
d. Adjectives end in consonant – vowel – consonant – double the last consonant before adding ER: hot – hotter, big - bigger, thin – thinner
2. Long adjectives
a. Form: S1 + be/ V + MORE Adj/adv + THAN + S2
This hotel is more comfortable than that one
Jane dances more gracefully than Mary
Để nhấn mạnh so sánh, có thể thêm a bit/much/far trước so sánh.
S1 + V +a bit far/much + Adj/Adv +er + THAN + S2
S1 + V + a bit/ far/much + more + Adj/Adv + THAN + S2
A waterlemon is much sweeter than a a lemon.
His car is far better than yours.
Harry’s watch is far more expensive than mine
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
Notes:
a. Long adjectives:
+ Adjectives end in ED/ING: bored – more bored/boring more boring, …
+ Two syllable adjectives do NOT end in ER, OW, LE, T,Y:
useful – more useful, active – more active, cautious – more cautious
+ 3 or more than 3 syllables: expensive – more expensive…
b. Chủ ngữ có tính tư sở hữu/ sở hữ cách
Incorrect: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor.
(Câu này so sánh các bức tranh với người chỉ dẫn)
Correct: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s.
(instructor`s = instructor`s drawings)
c. Dùng thêm that of cho danh từ số ít:
Incorrect: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary.
(Câu này so sánh salary với secretary)
Correct: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary.(that of = the salary of)
d. Dùng thêm those of cho các danh từ số nhiều:
Incorrect: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher .(Câu này so sánh duties với teacher)
Correct: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher (those of = the duties of)
3. So sánh kém hơn:
S1 + V + less + adj/adv + than + S2
Nga is less young than I. / My brother runs less fast than I.
Cars are less expensive these days.
III. Superlatives
Short adjectives or adverbs
S + V + THE adj – EST + in + singular countable noun
of + plural nouns
Jim is the tallest in my class. He runs the fastest of the students
2. Long adjectives or adverbs
S + V + THE MOST + adj + in + singular countable noun
of + plural nouns
This is the most delicious cake I have ever eaten.
Lan works the most effectively here.
Notes:
* Of + 2 persons/things + THE + SSH:
Pealse give me the smaller of the two cakes.
Of the two books, this one is the more interesting.
* Of +3 persons/things: THE + SSI:
Of the workers, Tom works the most carefully.
*By far + SSI:
Tom is by far the most intelligent in the office.
Irregular adjectives:
* FARTHER có nghĩa là “xa hơn”, từ này thuần túy được dùng để chỉ sự xa cách về khoảng cách điạ lý thực.
The fog’s so thick, I can’t see farther than about ten metres.
* FURTHER có thể được dịch là “sâu xa hơn, kĩ lưỡng hơn, chi tiết hơn, suy rộng hơn” thậm chí là với nghĩa “thêm’’
Go further/ Take something further: suy rộng ra
We discussed the problem but we didn’t get much further in actually solving it.
If you wish to take the matter further, you can file charges against him.
If you need further information, I will send you some tomorrow.
* OLDER dùng để so sánh 2 người 2 vật:
Hoa is older than I am/my sister
* ELDER dùng để so sánh 2 người có chung huyết thống:
Hoa is elder than her sister
2. So sánh kém hơn nhất:
S1 + V + the + least + adj/ adv +(N) + (in/ of) + N
These shoes are the least expensive of all.
IV. Double comparison: SO SÁNH KÉP
So sánh lũy tiến(càng ngày càng…)
Short adjectives/adverbs:
S + V + short adj/ adv + ER and + short adj/ adv + ER
She looks younger and younger/ It is getting hotter and hotter
Long adjectives/adverbs:
S + V + MORE and MORE adj/adv
She seems more and more attractive.
Pork is becoming more and more expensive.
2. So sánh đồng tiến: (Càng… Càng)
The + SSH + S + V, The + SSH + S + V( SSH: adj, adv, n, v)
The colder it is, the more terrible I feel.
The more effectively he works, the higher his salary is
The more books he reads, the more knowledge he gets.
The more I look into her eyes, the more I love her
Notes: You must pay attention to the verb in order to choose the right answer: adj/adv
Review types of comparison
Do exercises
nguon VI OLET
