The active and the passive sentences

( C©u chñ ®éng – c©u bÞ ®éng)

 

A. Definition: ( §Þnh nghÜa)

1/ The Active form:  ( ThÓ chñ ®éng ) lµ d¹ng c©u mµ chñ tõ cña c©u lµ ng­êi / vËt thùc hiÖn hµnh ®éng – g©y ra t¸c ®éng lªn ng­êi hoÆc vËt kh¸c.

Ex:     - Ann writes a letter

  - Some farmers are working in the rice field.

2/ The passive form: ( C©u bÞ ®éng) lµ d¹ng c©u mµ chö tõ cña c©u nhËn t¸c ®éng cña ng­êi hoÆc vËt kh¸c – chÞu t¸c ®éng bëi ng­êi hoÆc vËt kh¸c lªn nã.

Ex:  - A letter is written by Ann.

 - I was followed by an old man

L­u ý:  Sö dông c©u bÞ ®éng, khi chóng ta quan t©m nhiÒu ®Õn hµnh ®éng ®­îc thùc hiÖn nh­ thÕ nµo mµ kh«ng chó ý ®Õn t¸c nh©n g©y ra hµnh ®éng ®ã.

Ex:  -  Rice is produced in Vietnam.

B. Quy t¾c chuyÓn tõ mét c©u chñ ®éng sang c©u bÞ ®éng

Muèn chuyÓn tõ mét c©u chñ ®éng sang c©u bÞ ®éng, ta thùc hiÖn c¸c b­íc sau:

 

Active:                        S     +           V          +          O

 

 

 

 

 

Passive:                          S        +          Be     Vpp       +   By   O

                                                                                                                        Ved

Form:                           Be   + V Past Participle

               V3

 

B1: LÊy t©n ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u bÞ ®éng.

B2: NÕu cè trî ®éng tõ  trong c©u chñ ®éng, ®Æt trî ®éng tõ Êy ngay sau chñ ng÷ cña c©u bÞ ®éng.

B3: Chia ®éng tõ  “To be” theo th× vµ trî ®éng tõ  cña c©u chñ ®éng.  C©u cñ ®éng chia ë th× nµo th× ®éng tõ  “to be” trong c©o bÞ ®éng chia ë th× ®Êy.

B4: §Æt ®éng tõ chÝnh cña c©u chñ ®éng ë d¹ng   Vpp (§éng tõ chia ë ph©n tõ 2).

B5: ChuyÓn chñ ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng thµnh d¹ng “by O” sau ®éng tõ chÝnh trong c©u. ( cã thÓ bá “by O” nÕu nã kh«ng quan träng hoÆc ®­îc hiÓu ngÇm)

C. CÊu tróc cña c©u bÞ ®éng chia theo th× vµ trî ®éng tõ:

 

1. Simple present tense. (th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n)

                   S   +    is/ am / are  +   Vpp  

 

Ex:          A:        Ann      writes       a letter.

   P:         A letter     is written        by Ann

2. Present continuous tense: ( Th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn)

                                  S   +    is/ am / are  +   being +   Vpp

 

  Ex:       A:              Ann   is    writing    a letter.

      P:               A letter   is  being   written  by Ann

 

3. Simple past tense:  ( Th× qu¸ khø ®¬n)

      S  +  were/ was   + Vpp 

Ex:

  A:     Ann   wrote   a  letter.

  P:      A letter  was written   by Ann 

4. Past continuous tense: ( Th× qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn)

       S + were/ was  +  being   + Vpp

Ex:

  A:      Ann   was   writing    a letter.

  P:        A letter   was being written    by Ann.

5. Present perfect tense: ( Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh)

 

       I/ We/ You/ They  +   have       + been    + Vpp

                                            He/ she/ it              +   has            

 

Ex:   

  A: Ann has written a letter.

  P: A letter has been written by Ann.

6. Past perfect tense:  ( Th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh)

    S   + had   + been   + Vpp

Ex:      A:  Ann   had  written  a letter.

  P:  A letter  had  been  written   by Ann.

7. Simple future tense:  ( Th× t­¬ng lai ®¬n)

 

    I/ We                + will/ shall  +     be  + Vpp

    He/ She/ It/ They/ You     + will  

Ex; 

  A:  Ann will write a letter.

  P:       A letter will be written by Ann.

8. Future of intention:   ( Th× t­¬ng lai cã dù ®Þnh)

              

S  +   is/ am/ are   +  going to   + be   +   Vpp

 

Ex;

  A: Ann is going to write a letter.

  P:      A letter is going to be written by Ann.

9. Future perfect tense:  (Th× t­¬ng lai hoµn thµnh)

  I/ We                + will/ shall  + have +   been + Vpp

  He/ She/ It/ They/ You     + will  

Ex:

  A:  Ann will have written a letter.

  P:   A letter will have been written by Ann.

10. Modal verbs:  ( trî ®éng tõ/ ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu)

Can/ may/ must/ ought to/ should/ would/ could/ might...

 

    S  +   modal verbs  +   be   +   Vpp

 

Ex:  A: You can see him now.

  P:  He can be seen (by you) now.

L­u ý:

- Ta cã thÓ bá by me/ by him/ by her/ by it/ by us/ by you/ by them/ by some one/ by somebody/ by people trong c©u bÞ ®éng.

- Trong tr­êng hîp, c©u chñ ®éng cã  tr¹ng ng÷ chØ n«i chèn th× ta ®Æt tr¹ng ng÷ chØ n¬i chèn tr­íc by O.

Ex:   The police found him in the forest.

 He was found in the forest by the police.

- Trong tr­êng hîp, c©u chñ ®éng cã tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian th× ta ®Æt tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian sau by O.

Ex:    My parents are going to buy a new car tomorrow.

 A new car is going to be bought by my parents tomorrow

- Trong tr­êng hîp, c©u chñ ®éng cã c¶ tr¹ng ng÷ chØ n«i chèn vµ tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian. Th× khi chuyÓn sang c©u bÞ ®éng vÞ chÝ s¾p xÕp c¸c tr¹ng ng÷ ph¶i tu©n theo quy t¾c sau:

        

            S  +  be  +   Vpp   +   ®Þa ®iÓm        +    by   O  +  thêi gian

 

Ex:    Lan   was taken    to the park        by her mother   yesterday morning.

           S        be VP2        ®Þa ®iÓm             by O                     thêi gian                     

 - NÕu t©n ng÷ trong c©u bÞ ®éng chØ sù vËt sù viÖc th× ta dïng giíi tõ “With”  thay v× dïng “by” tr­íc objects.

 Ex:   Smoke filled the room.

  The room was filled with smoke.
 - NÕu ®éng tõ chñ ®éng cã hai t©n ng÷ th× mét trong hai t©n ng÷ cã thÓ lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u bÞ ®éng. Tuy nhiªn t©n ng÷ chØ ng­êi ®­îc ­u tiªn s÷ dông nhiÒu h¬n.

 Ex:   I am writing   her    a letter

             O1       O2      

  She is being written a letter.

  A letter is being written to her.

 - C¸c ®éng tõ:  ask/ tell/ give/ send/ show/ teach/ pay/ offer... th­êng cã hai t©n ng÷.

 - nÕu chñ ng÷ trong c©u chñ ®éng ë thÓ phñ  ®Þnh ( no one, nobody, none of... th× khi chuyÓn sang c©u bÞ ®éng, chóng ta chia ®éng tõ bÞ ®éng ë d¹ng bÞ ®éng.

Ex:           No one can answer this question.

  This question can’t be answered.

 

Mét sè d¹ng bÞ ®éng kh¸c

 

1/ D¹ng nhê b¶o: ( Causative form) “ Have / Get/ make”

 

  Active:   S   + have  + O (ng­êi)   + bare infinitive  + O (ng­êi/ vËt)

  Passive:   S   + have   + O (vËt)      + Vpp  +  ( by O ng­êi )

 

Ex:                          - I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.

  I had my bicycle repaired (by him) yesterday. 

 

  Active:   S   + get  + O (ng­êi)   + to infinitive  + O (vËt)

  Passive:   S   + get   + O (vËt)      + Vpp + (by O ng­êi )

 

Ex:      - I get her to make some coffee.

    I get some coffee made (by her).

 

  Active:   S   + make  + O (ng­êi)   + bare infinitive  + O2 (ng­êi/ vËt)

  Passive:   S   + be made   + to infinitive  +   O2    + ( by O ng­êi )

 

 

Ex:        - He makes this boy clean the car.

      The boy is made to clean the car.

 

2/ §éng tõ chØ gi¸c quan:  (see/ watch/ hear ....)

 

  Active:   S   + verb    +   O    + bare infinitive / V-ing + ...

  Passive:   S (O­A)  + be + Vpp  +   to infinitive/ V-ing + ...

 

Ex: - They saw her come in.

 She was seen to come in.

 

3/ §éng tõ chØ ý kiÕn: (say/ think/ believe/ report/ .....)

 

  Active:      S   + verb +  That  +   clause ( S2 + V2   + O2)      

  Passive:    * It +   be  +  Vpp   +    that  + clause

          * S2   + be   + Vpp   +  to infinitive

                                                            to have Vpp

 

Ex: 

 - People say that he is a famous doctor.

    It is said that he is a famous doctor.

  He is said to be a famous doctor.

4/ C©u mÖnh lÖnh:

a/   Active:       Verb   +   O   + ...

  Passive:  Let   +   O   + be Vpp +....

 

Ex:     write your name here.

  Let your name be written here.

 

b/   S   + let +  O(ng­êi)  +  do  + something

    S(O)  + be  + let  + to do something.

    S(O)  + be  + allowed  + to do something.

 

Ex:  He let me go out

 I was let to go out

 I was allowed to go out.

 

Circle the corect answer

1. My wedding ring  ………… of yellow and white gold.

a. is made b. is making c. made d. maked

2. If your brother ………………., he would come.

a. invited b. were invited c. were inviting d. invite

3. References …………. in the examination room.

a. not are used b. is not used c. didn’t used         d. are not used

4. Mary ………….. in Boston.

a. are born b. were born c. was born d. born

5. This house is going …………… by my mother.

a. sold b. to be sold c. to sold d. to sell

6.There’s somebody hehind us . I think we ……………….

a. are being followed b. are followed c. follow d. are following

7. Have you …………….. by a dog?

a. bite b. ever been bit c. ever been bitten  d. bit

8.The room is being ………….. at the moment.

a. was cleaned b. cleaned c. cleaning d. clean

9. The road to our village …………. widened next year.

a. is b. will c. can d. will be

10. The old lady was ……….exhausted after the long walk.

a. very  b. absolutely  c. pretty  d. fairly.

11. The old man ............. to have left all his money to an old people’s home when he died.