sáng kiến kinh nghiệm môn tiếng anh THPT

                                              PhÇn më ®Çu

I.Lý do chän ®Ò tµi.

            N¨m häc 2007-2008 lµ n¨m thø ba thùc hiÖn h×nh thøc thi tr¾c nghiÖm ®èi víi m«n tiÕng Anh ë c¸c k× thi tèt nghiÖp THPT, thi §H cña bé GD & §T. Trong ch­¬ng tr×nh tiÕng Anh THPT hÖ 7 n¨m, mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ  lµ mét phÇn kiÕn thøc hÕt søc quan träng, cã trong c¸c k× thi tèt nghiÖp vµ thi §H. Muèn lµm tèt ®­îc c¸c bµi tËp tr¾c nghiÖm vÒ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ th× häc sinh cÇn ph¶i n¾m ®­îc c¸c vÊn ®Ò c¬ b¶n liªn quan ®Õn ®¹i tõ quan hÖ ,mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ  trong tiÕng Anh, chuyÓn tõ h×nh thøc lµm c¸c bµi tËp tù luËn sang bµi tËp tr¾c nghiÖm. V× vËy t«i chän ®Ò tµi “ MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ vµ c¸c d¹ng bµi tËp tr¾c nghiÖm” lµm vÊn ®Ò nghiªn cøu trong s¸ng kiÕn kinh nghiÖm cña m×nh.

II.Môc ®Ých.

        Khi viÕt s¸ng kiÕn kinh nghiÖm nµy, t«i chØ mong ®­îc gãp thªm mét vµi ý kiÕn cña m×nh vÒ c¸c vÊn ®Ò liªn quan ®Õn mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ  trong tiÕng Anh gióp gi¸o viªn  cã thÓ tham kh¶o thªm trong viÖc «n tËp cho häc sinh chuÈn bÞ cho c¸c kú thi s¾p tíi.

III.§èi t­îng nghiªn cøu.

            Trong ch­¬ng tr×nh tiÕng Anh THPT hÖ 7 n¨m, mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ ®­îc ®­a vµo gi¶ng d¹y ë khèi 10 vµ khèi 11. Trong ®Ò tµi cña m×nh, t«i chØ tËp trung vµo mét sè vÊn ®Ò lý thuyÕt vµ bµi tËp cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ  nh­ cÊu tróc, c¸ch sö dông, mét sè d¹ng ®Æc biÖt cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ trong TiÕng anh… vµ mét sè d¹ng bµi tËp viÕt, bµi tËp tr¾c nghiÖm t­¬ng øng ®Ó cñng cè cho phÇn kiÕn thøc ë trªn , nh»m gióp häc sinh hiÓu vµ n¾m ®­îc nh÷ng kiÕn thøc c¬ b¶n vµ n©ng cao cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ trong TiÕng anh ®Ó c¸c em cã thÓ lµm tèt c¸c d¹ng bµi tËp tr¾c nghiÖm vÒ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ trong TiÕng anh.

IV.Ph¹m vi nghiªn cøu.

        N¨m häc 2007-2008

V.C¬ së nghiªn cøu.

    T«i nghiªn cøu ®Ò tµi nµy dùa trªn nh÷ng c¬ së sau

               -  Dùa vµo thùc tÕ gi¶ng d¹y.

               -  Dùa vµo mét sè tµi liÖu tham kh¶o vÒ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.

              -  Dùa vµ mét sè ý kiÕn cña ®ång nghiÖp.

                                               PhÇn néi dung

PhÇn 1: Mét sè vÊn ®Ò c¬ b¶n vÒ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ

Tiếng Anh cã 2 lo¹i c©u :
- C©u ®ơn gi¶n: là c©u cã mét thµnh phÇn vµ chØ cÇn nh­ vËy c©u còng cã  ®ñ nghÜa .
- C©u phøc hîp : lµ lo¹i c©u cã hai thµnh phÇn ( hai mÖnh ®Ò) chÝnh / phô nèi víi nhau b»ng mét tõ gäi lµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ . MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ trong tiÕng anh gåm cã ba lo¹i sau:

                 +  MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh ( defining).

             +  MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ( non-defining).

             +  MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ liªn hîp ( connective).

         Trong ch­¬ng tr×nh tiÕng anh líp 10 ban c¬ b¶n th× c¸c em häc sinh ®­îc häc c¶ ba lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ lµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh , mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ liªn hîp hay nèi tiÕp. Trong s¸ng kiÕn kinh nghiÖm nµy, t«I muèn cung cÊp cho häc sinh nh÷ng kiÕn thøc c¬ b¶n vÒ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ ®Ó  häc sinh cã thÓ lµm tèt d¹ng bµi tËp liªn quan ®Õn mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Do ®ã häc sinh cÇn ph¶i n¾m ®­îc mét sè vÊn ®Ò c¬ b¶n sau ®©y:

A. MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh / h¹n ®inh.

I. §Þnh nghÜa.

       MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh ®øng sau danh tõ ch­a ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh, nã thªm mét th«ng tin cÇn thiÕt cho danh tõ ®øng tr­íc vµ kh«ng thÓ bá ®i ®­îc. Truíc vµ sau mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ th× kh«ng cã dÊu phÈy.

Ex:  The man who told me this refused to give me his name.

Trong c©u nµy “who told me this” lµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.

II. C¸ch dïng.

   MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh th­êng ®­îc dïng theo sau:

                  +  The + Noun.

       +  A/AN + Noun.

+ Danh tõ sè nhiÒu kh«ng cã the.

+ §¹i tõ ( all, none, anybody, those….)

     Ex:  The book is about a girl who falls in love .

III. C¸c lo¹i ®¹i tõ quan hÖ trong mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh vµ c¸c h×nh thøc cña chóng.

1. §¹i tõ quan hÖ dïng cho ng­êi: Who/ That.

a. Chñ ng÷.

    §¹i tõ quan hÖ Who thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ng­êi( he,she, we , you, they) lµm chñ ng÷ trong mÖnh ®Ò phô. Cã thÓ thay Who b»ng That.

 Ex1:     The man is friendly. He lives next door.

  The man who lives next door is friendly.

    Ex2:  We know a lot of people. They live in London.

             -> We know a lot of people who live in London.

Khi Who/ That /Which lµ t©n ng÷ th× ta cã thÓ l­îc bá ®¹i tõ quan hª.

Ex:    The woman was away on holiday.

           I wanted to see the woman.

       -> The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.

Or -> The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday.

b. Tóc tõ cña mét ®éng tõ.: Whom/ Who/ That.

        H×nh thøc cña tóc tõ lµ Whom. Trong TiÕng anh nãi ta th­êng dïng Who hay that( That th«ng dông h¬n Who) vµ phæ biÕn h¬n lµ ta bá ®¹i tõ lµm tóc tõ.

Ex: The man whom I saw told me to come back today.

Or  The man I saw told me to come back today.

     §¹i tõ quan hÖ Whom thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ng­êi lµm t©n ng÷ trong mÖnh ®Ò phô. Cã thÓ thay who/ whom b»ng that hoÆc cã thÓ rót gän.

Ex: The boy is my son. You see him at the door.

     ->The boy whom you see at the door is my soon.

           §¹i tõ quan hÖ whom/ who thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ng­êi lµm t©n ng÷ giíi tõ trong mÖnh ®Ò phô. Cã thÓ ®¶o giíi tõ lªn   tr­íc ®¹i tõ quan hÖ whom / who nh­ng kh«ng dïng that.

     Ex:       The man is their teacher. They are talking to him.

              -> The man who(m)/ that they are talking to is their teacher.

              ->The man they are talking to is their teacher.

              ->The man to who(m) they are talking is their teacher.

c. Së h÷u: Whose.

      Ta dïng Whose trong mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ thay thÕ cho tÝnh tõ së h÷u( his, her, their..)

Ex1:  We saw some people.Their car had broken down.

         ->We saw some people whose car had broken.

Ex2:    A widow is a woman. Her husband is dead.

          ->A widow is a woman whose husband is dead.

Ex 3: What’s the name of the man? His car you borrowed.

         ->What’s the name of the man whose car you borrowed?

2. §¹i tõ quan hÖ dïng cho vËt.

1. Chñ tõ: Which/ That.

          MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ Which ®­îc dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ v©t lµm chñ ng÷ trong mÖnh ®Ò phô. Cã thÓ thay thÕ which b»ng that, nh­ng Which ®­îc dïng th«ng dông h¬n.

   Ex1:         Tom bought a house. It has a bedroom and a kitchen.

                ->Tom bought a house which has bedroom and a kitchen.

   Ex 2:        Can you see my pen? It’s lying on that table.

                 ->Can you see my pen which is lying on that table?

1. T©n ng÷ cña mét ®éng tõ.

            §¹i tõ quan hÖ which thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ vËt lµm t©n ng÷ trong mÖnh ®Ò phô. Cã thÓ thay which b»ng that, hoÆc cã thÓ bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ ®i.

Ex1:         The book is mine. You see it on the table.

  The book which (that) you see on the table is mine.

        Which kh«ng bao giê dïng sau : all, everything, little, much, none, no, vµ c¸c h×nh thøc kÐp cña no hay sau c¸c cùc cÊp. Thay v× chóng ta dïng that hay bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ nÕu nã lµ tóc tõ cña mét ®éng tõ.

Ex :              -    All the apples that  fall are eaten by the pigs.

-          This is the best hotel (that) I know.

  c. Tóc tõ cña mét giíi tõ.

        CÊu tróc th«ng th­êng lµ giíi tõ + Which nh­ng th«ng dông h¬n lµ ®­a giíi tõ ®Õn cuèi mÖnh ®Ò.

Cã thÓ dïng which / that hoÆc bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ.

Ex:                 The book is very interesting. You are talking about it.

                     ->The book about which you are talking is very interesting.

                     ->The book which you are talking about is very interesting.

   B. MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh.

I.§Þnh nghÜa.

            MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ®­îc ®Æt sau c¸c danh tõ ®· ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh råi. V× thÕ chóng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh danh tõ, ®¬n thuÇn chØ thªm mét ®iÒu g× ®ã cho nã cã thªm th«ng tin, kh«ng gièng nh­ c¸c mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh, chóng kh«ng cÇn thiÕt ë trong c©u vÇ cã thÓ bá ®i. Tr­íc vµ sau mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh th× cã dÊu phÈy.

  Ex:          -   The man , whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike.

                  -   This is Mrs Jones, who helped me last week.

                  -   Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar.

II.C¸ch dïng.

MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ®­îc dïng khi danh tõ ®øng tr­íc lµ:

                    + Danh tõ riªng.

                    + C¸c ®¹i tõ chØ ®Þnh: this , that, these , those.

                    +TÝnh tõ së h÷u: my, his ,her…..

                    + C¸c ®Þnh ng÷, bæ ng÷.

III.C¸c lo¹i ®¹i tõ quan hÖ dïng trong mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh.

1. §¹i tõ quan hÖ dïng cho ng­êi.

a.Chñ ng÷ : Who.

Kh«ng dïng ®¹i tõ nµo kh¸c ngoµi Who.

   Ex1:       My teacher has a lot of experiences.

                     He has been teaching for 10 years.

     ->My teacher, who has been teaching for 10 years, has a lot of experiences.

    Ex2.         I passed the letter to Petter. He was sitting beside me.

                   -> I passed the letter to Petter , who was sitting beside me.

b.T©n ng÷: Whom/ Who.

            §¹i tõ kh«ng thÓ bá ®­îc. Whom lµ h×nh thøc ®óng mÆc dï Who thØnh tho¶ng ®­îc dïng trong tiÕng anh ®µm tho¹i.

    Ex1:   Peter turned out to be innocent.

            Everyone suspected him.

         -> Peter, whom everyone suspected ,turned out to be   innocent.

    Ex 2:  She introduced me to her husband.

               I hadn’t met him before.

        ->She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before .

1. Tóc tõ cña mét giíi tõ: Whom.

           §¹i tõ kh«ng thÓ bá ®­îc , giíi tõ th­êng ®Æt tr­íc Whom. Tuy nhiªn cã thÓ ®­a giíi tõ ®Õn cuèi mÖnh ®Ò ®iÒu nµy ®­îc dïng phæ biÕn trong tiÕng anh ®µm tho¹i vµ Who th­êng ®­îc thay thÕ cho Whom.

Ex1 :  Mr Lam was very generous about overtime payments.

          I was working for him.

     -> Mr Lam, for whom I was working , was very   generous about overtime payments.

Or -> Mr Lam , who I was working for , was very generous about overtime payment.

Ex2 ;  Peter was fitter than me.

          I played tennis with him on Sunday.

      -> Peter , with whom I played tennis on Sunday, was fitter than me.

Or   -> Peter , whom I played tennis with on Sunday , was fitter than me.

1. §¹i tõ quan hÖ dïng cho vËt : Which.

1. Chñ tõ : Which.

         Kh«ng ®­îc dïng that. 

Ex:   We stayed at the Hanoi hotel.

          Long recommened it to us.

->We stayed at the Hanoi hetel, which Long recommened to us.

2. Tóc tõ: Which.

             That kh«ng ®­îc dïng vµ which kh«ng bao giê ®­îc bá ®i.

Ex :       These books will give you all the information you need.

             You can get them at any bookshop.

         ->   These books, which you can get at any bookshops, will give you all the information you need.

c.Tóc tõ cña mét giíi tõ.

Giíi tõ ®øng tr­íc Which hay ë cuèi mÖnh ®Ò.

Ex :  His house is now worth 10.000$
          He paid for it 5.000$.

  ->His house, for which he paid 5.000$ , is now worth 10.000$.

1. Së h÷u : Whose/ of which.

Whose ®­îc dïng cho c¶ con vËt lÉn ®å vËt.

Of which cã thÓ dïng cho ®å vËt, nh­ng kh«ng th«ng dông trõ tiÕng anh trang träng.

Ex : His house was a depressing right.

        Its windows were all broken.

->His house , whose windows were all broken.

L­u ý:

+Kh«ng ®­îc dïng That trong mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®inh.

+ Tr­êng hîp ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ cã giíi tõ th× ta chØ dïng Whom/ Which.

+ Ta ®Æt giíi tõ tr­íc mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ ( tr­íc whom/ which)

+ Ta còng cã thÓ bá whom/ which vµ ®Æt giíi tõ ra sau ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ víi ®iÒu kiÖn ph¶I lµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh.

+ Khi dïng That, ta kh«ng ®­îc ®em giíi tõ ra tr­íc mµ vÉn ®Ó sau.

Ex: - The man to whom Mary is talking is Mr Pike.

          - The man Mary is talking to is Mr Pike.

          - The man that Mary is talking to is Mr Pike.

+ Khi giíi tõ ®øng cuèi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ lµ thµnh phÇn cña ®éng tõ kÐp th× ta kh«ng ®em ra tr­íc Whom/ Which.

Ex :    - This is the book which I am looking for .

        - That is the child whom you have to look after.

+ Khi dïng Whom, Which cã thÓ ®Ó c¸c giíi tõ ë sau , ngo¹i trõ Without.

Ex : - The man whom Mary is talking to is Mr Pike.

       - That is the man without whom we’ll get lost.

C. mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ liªn hîp / nèi tiÕp.

I.§Þnh nghÜa

           MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ liªn hîp dïng ®Ó gi¶i thÝch cho c¶ mét c©u, tr­êng hîp nµy chØ dïng ®¹i tõ quan hÖ which vµ dïng dÊu phÈy ®Ó t¸ch hai mÖnh ®Ò. MÖnh ®Ò nµy lu«n ®øng cuèi c©u.

Ex1: Students are often afraid of exams, which is easy to understand.

Ex 2: It rained very heavily, which prevented my going out.

PhÇn 2 : Mét sè d¹ng bµi tËp c¬ b¶n

§èi víi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ, chóng ta cã mét sè d¹ng bµi tËp c¬ b¶n sau, gåm c¶ tù luËn vµ tr¾c nghiÖm.

D¹ng 1:    §iÒn ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thÝch hîp vµo chç trèng

        §©y lµ d¹ng bµi tËp yªu cÇu häc sinh ph¶i n¾m ®­îc c¸ch dïng c¸c ®¹i tõ quan hÖ, chøc n¨ng , dïng cho ng­êi hay cho vËt vµ dïng trong c¸c lo¹i mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh¸c nhau th× dïng ®¹i tõ quan hÖ nµo th× thÝch hîp. Häc sinh cã thÓ ¸p dông nh÷ng kiÕn thøc ®· ®­îc cung cÊp ë trªn ®Ó lµm d¹ng bµi tËp nµy.

Exercise 1: Chän ®¸p ¸n ®óng nhÊt ®Ó hoµn thµnh nh÷ng c©u sau:

1. It rained all the time,  ……. was a great pity.

a. that b. what c. which d. who

2. She married a man …………. she  met on a bus.

a. whom b. whose c. he  d. which

3. I’m sure I know the person ………… served us.

a. whom b. who c. which d. whose

4. The Red Lion is the pub in …………….. we met for a drink.

a. it b. that c. where d. which

5. The letter that I opened ……… wasn’t for me.

a. X b. it c. that d. which

6. I’m working on a firm ……… main office is in London.

a. which b. that c. whose d. whom

7. Natasha, ………. flat was burgled, spent the night at a friend’s house.

a. who b. whose c. which d. that

8. Students ……… get below-average exam results do not have the best prospects.

a. what b. whom c. who d. which

9. We passed the shops ………… windows were decorated for Christmas.

a. the b. their c. which d. whose

10.  I don’t agree with ……… you have just said.

a. who b. when c. which d. where

11. The man to ………. She is married has been married twice before.

a. whom b. who c. which d. whose

12. That’s the house ….. I was born.

a. in which b. which c. that d. place

13.Tom……….is a monitor of the class, is also the captain of the football.

a. who b. which c. whom        d. whose.

14. I saw the man……….owns that car walking towards the shop.

a. which b. whom c. who           d. whose

15. The street…………leads to my school is very narrow.

a. who b. which c. whom        d. whose.

16. Bring me the clock………………..is over there.

a. whom b. which c. whose        d. who

17. My friend, …………aunt is  nurse, would like to be a doctor someday.

a. who b.  whom c. which         d. whose

18. The dog, ………..tail I stepped on, bit me.

a. who b. whose c. which         d. whom

19. Please give this to the beggar…………….is at the door.

a. who b. which c. whom         d. whose

20. My father gave me the doll…………..I had been hoping for.

a. who b. which c. whom         d. which

21. Yesterday I met my friend…………….gave me a dog on my birthday.

a. who b. whose c. whom          d. which.

22. Any boy………….disobeys the rules will be punished.

a. that b. which c. whom          d. who.

23. Budapest……….is on the Danube is a beautiful city.

a. where b whose c. when           d. which

24. The river from………….we get our water supply is nearly empty.

a. that b. which c. whom          d. where.

25. The boy…………father is in prison is my friend.

a. whom b. who c. whose         d. which

26. Do you know the driver………………took them to town last night.?

a. which b. whom c. where          d. who

27. Anybody…………..is tired may leave.

a. whom b. who c. where           d. which.

28. He talked about the books and the authors………….interested him.

a. which b. who c. that               d. when

29. This is the book of …………….I was speaking.

a. which b. whom c. that                d. where

30. The cat …………tail is long does not belong to me.

a. whom b. that c. which            d. whose.

D¹ng2:  Nèi hai hay nhiÒu c©u ®¬n thµnh mét c©u phøc dïng ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thÝch hîp:

         §©y lµ d¹ng bµi tËp , khi gi¶ng d¹y t«i th­êng cho häc sinh lµm d­íi d¹ng tù luËn, vµ h­íng dÉn lµm d­íi d¹ng tù luËn. Sau ®ã ¸p dông sang lµm d¹ng bµi tËp tr¾c nghiÖm. Th­êng th× d¹ng bµi tËp nµy khi chuyÓn sang tr¾c nghiÖm th­êng ë d¹ng viÕt: cho hai c©u ®¬n sau ®ã yªu cÇu chän ph­¬ng ¸n nèi c©u ®óng nhÊt.

                   §Ó lµm d¹ng bµi tËp nµy , häc sinh cÇn n¾m ®­îc c¸ch nèi hai hay nhiÒu c©u ®¬n thµnh c©u phøc dïng ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thÝch hîp. Cô thÓ c¸c b­íc nh­ sau :

B­íc 1: x¸c ®Þnh hai tõ , hai côm tõ cïng chØ mét ®èi t­îng ë hai c©u.

B­íc 2: x¸c ®Þnh mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh , mÖnh ®Ò phô( hay m®qh)

C¸ch x¸c ®Þnh mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh , phô:

-          MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh chøa th«ng tin ng­êi viÕt, nãi muèn  th«ng b¸o cho ng­êi ®äc, ng­êi nghe vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô lµ thµnh phÇn cßn l¹i.

-          NÕu 2 c©u ë hai thêi kh¸c nhau th× sù viÖc x¶y ra tr­íc sÏ n»m trong mÖnh ®Ò phô, sù viÖc x¶y ra sau sÏ n»m trong mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.

   B­íc 3:H×nh thµnh mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ b»ng c¸ch dïng ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thÝch hîp thay cho danh tõ cÇn thay thÕ.

B­íc 4:§Æt toµn bé mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ vµo ngay sau danh tõ cÇn bæ nghÜa, phÇn cßn l¹i cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ®Æt ë cuèi c©u.NÕu danh tõ cÇn bæ nghÜa lµ danh tõ x¸c ®Þnh th× ph¶I thªm dÊu phÈy ng¨n c¸ch gi÷a mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh vµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.

H·y xÐt vÝ dô sau ®©y:

Ex: I don’t know the name of the woman. I met her yesterday.

MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lµ c©u thø nhÊt. MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ lµ c©u thø hai

MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ lµ: whom I met yesterday.